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Essai – Institut de la Concertation et de la Participation Citoyenne https://icpsafe.naro.studio Institut de la Concertation et de la Participation Citoyenne - réseau national de praticiens Tue, 06 Feb 2024 06:52:58 +0000 fr-FR hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.5.8 Les faux-semblants de la participation https://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/les-faux-semblants-de-la-participation/ Wed, 26 Apr 2023 10:07:59 +0000 http://icpsafe.naro.studio/?post_type=document&p=29576 En s’abritant derrière des consultations citoyennes qu’il sélectionne et organise lui-même, l’État escamote les procédures et institutions démocratiques. Il y a là, selon G. Gourgues, le risque d’une dérive progressive vers une forme d’« autoritarisme participatif ».

 

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Les consultations législatives en ligne https://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/les-consultations-legislatives-en-ligne/ Thu, 26 Aug 2021 15:09:05 +0000 http://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/les-consultations-legislatives-en-ligne/ Mémoire de recherches sur les consultations législatives en ligne réalisé par Thomas VILLARET sous la direction de Eric SALES à l’Université de Montpellier.

Résumé :

Alors que la démocratie représentative est en crise, les consultations législatives en ligne s’inscrivent dans l’élan récent tendant à employer les nouvelles technologies pour améliorer la participation citoyenne et renouveler les liens entre les citoyens et les élus. Outils encore expérimentaux et extra-juridiques, les consultations législatives en ligne proposent aux citoyens de participer à la co-écriture de projets ou de propositions de lois via internet. Depuis 2013, des députés sont associés à cette initiative innovante qui a connu de francs succès (comme la loi sur la république numérique) mais aussi d’amères déceptions (comme le Grand Débat national). L’analyse des consultations législatives dans leur ensemble permet dès lors de déterminer l’intérêt de ces processus par l’émergence des lignes directrices, des problématiques rencontrées et des points forts.

Ainsi, afin de dépasser une vision réduite au cyber-optimisme (mettant en avant les avantages) ou au cyber-réalisme (mettant en avant les disfonctionnements sociaux), l’étude se concentre sur la technique juridique. Celle-ci permet en effet d’observer le fonctionnement de ces nouveaux outils de façon théorique comme pratique et d’en définir la valeur.

L’importance croissante des consultations législatives en ligne nécessite avant tout d’analyser la grande variété de procédés, certains semblant plus performants que d’autres. Il sera alors possible de s’interroger sur la standardisation de ce procédé et de la forme que cette standardisation pourrait adopter.

De par ses antécédents à la satisfaction fluctuante et sa potentielle pérennité dans le paysage juridique, il s’impose ensuite de déterminer la réalité de la prise en compte de ce processus dans l’écriture législative. Le caractère extra-juridique des consultations législatives en ligne questionne le contrôle de cette procédure à tous les niveaux mais interroge aussi sur la place actuelle du citoyen dans la démocratie. En effet, de par la mainmise des parlementaires ou du gouvernement sur les résultats des consultations mais aussi de par la faiblesse de son effectivité, cette procédure semble finalement relever plutôt d’un renforcement de la démocratie représentative que de l’avènement d’une nouvelle forme de démocratie participative.

En définitive, si les consultations législatives en ligne semblent être un outil efficace de démocratie participative, elles semblent encore mal-employées et réduites à l’état d’objet politique soumis à une instrumentalisation parfois malsaine.

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L’essor des listes participatives – Autour de la campagne des élections municipales 2020 https://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/lessor-des-listes-participatives-autour-de-la-campagne-des-elections-municipales-2020/ Tue, 31 Mar 2020 14:01:09 +0000 http://icpsafe.naro.studio/?post_type=document&p=17429 La crise sanitaire semble amplifier une certaine méfiance à l’égard du pouvoir exécutif et réduire la représentation nationale dans l’espace public. Les listes citoyennes qui ont fleuri lors des élections municipales permettront-elles d’assurer la réinvention démocratique, sociale et écologique ?

Cet article esquisse des premières pistes d’analyse et de compréhension de ce nouvel espace politique, à partir d’éléments empiriques recueillis depuis 2015. Nous avons ainsi participé régulièrement à des espaces de débat autour de ces listes, comme le festival Curieuses Démocraties, ou encore l’édition 2019 du congrès du Groupement d’intérêt Scientifique Démocratie et Participation. Nous avons également pu adresser un questionnaire aux membres de l’association Action Commune qui propose des méthodologies d’organisation aux listes participatives et mène une action plus générale de plaidoyer pour leur développement. Enfin, nous conduisons actuellement une enquête à Strasbourg sur la constitution de liste « Strasbourg, écologiste et citoyenne », en lice lors de l’élection municipale de 2020. Les données mobilisées portent donc en majorité sur des communes de taille petite ou moyenne, auxquelles s’adjoint une enquête ethnographique dans la ville-centre d’une métropole. Malgré ces contextes différents, le croisement permet de souligner plusieurs points de convergence dans les modalités de constitution de ces listes et de leur fonctionnement. On peut alors étayer l’hypothèse selon laquelle les listes participatives ne procèdent pas d’une rupture radicale avec le champ politique local, mais en bousculent bel et bien les acquis et les fondements.

En premier lieu, nous explorerons quelques résultats tirés de l’enquête par questionnaires et des observations menées auprès des listes participatives, avant de revenir sur trois énigmes soulevées à l’heure actuelle par ces listes, pour terminer par un focus sur la liste « Strasbourg écologiste et citoyenne » dans la campagne en cours.

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A nous la ville – Traité de municipalisme https://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/a-nous-la-ville-traite-de-municipalisme/ Tue, 17 Dec 2019 09:07:24 +0000 http://icpsafe.naro.studio/?post_type=document&p=16650 Les villes peuvent-elles changer le monde ? Considérées comme les espaces où se joueront en grande partie les luttes politiques du XXIe siècle, les villes tardent pourtant à susciter l’attention qu’elles méritent dans les cercles progressistes. Pour Jonathan Durand Folco, la gauche doit urgemment investir cet espace politique qui est au centre des enjeux sociaux, économiques et écologiques du XXIe siècle et qui possède un potentiel de transformation inédit.

Prenant appui sur de solides bases théoriques, nourri des expériences d’ici et d’ailleurs, l’auteur expose les contours d’une nouvelle stratégie politique : le municipalisme. Il montre que la ville est au cœur des contradictions du capitalisme avancé, qu’une tension de plus en plus forte s’exprime entre le développement de la « ville néolibérale » et les revendications du « droit à la ville », et que la question écologique, la spéculation immobilière et la défense des communs sont au centre des mobilisations citoyennes.

Cherchant à dépasser le clivage ville/région et à surmonter les écueils posés par les stratégies de transformation sociale « par le haut » ou « par le bas », Jonathan Durand Folco donne des pistes pour s’organiser et passer à l’action. Comment penser le front municipal ? Comment articuler les échelles locale, nationale et internationale dans la perspective d’une République sociale vue comme Commune des communes ? À quels problèmes organisationnels faisons-nous face ? Cela passerait-il par la création d’un Réseau d’action municipale ? Et selon quelles valeurs et quels principes organisationnels ? Autant de questions auxquelles tente de répondre l’auteur pour réhabiliter la municipalité comme espace politique et vecteur de transformation sociale.

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Slow démocratie https://icpsafe.naro.studio/document/slow-democratie/ Fri, 13 Dec 2019 07:25:59 +0000 http://icpsafe.naro.studio/?post_type=document&p=20729 Peut-on reprendre le contrôle d’une mondialisation débridée dont les dégâts se font sentir chaque jour sur la démocratie, l’environnement et la justice sociale ? Oui. Grâce aux nations.

Un tel propos peut paraître contre-intuitif à tous ceux qui voient la nation comme un totem identitaire. Mais ce livre montre qu’elle reste le levier le plus efficace pour ne plus être les témoins impuissants des dérèglements en cours.

Humanistes, progressistes, sociaux-démocrates, écologistes : n’ayons plus peur de nous en saisir ! Car il y a urgence. Les classes moyennes occidentales laminées ne veulent plus d’un système qui profite d’abord aux élites. Gilets jaunes en France, Brexit en Angleterre, Trump aux États-Unis, Orbán en Hongrie, Salvini en Italie, mais aussi Bolsonaro au Brésil : les peuples crient leur colère et veulent reprendre le pouvoir, souvent sous les traits de l’homme fort. Une internationale d’extrême droite se met en place. La démocratie libérale que l’on croyait indéracinable est en danger de mort.
Alors remettons la nation démocratique au cœur de l’agenda progressiste. Arrachons-la des mains des identitaires et des anti-européens qui la réduisent à des fantasmes nationalistes. Prenons conscience qu’elle est plus nécessaire que jamais pour équilibrer la mondialisation. Aimons-la. Elle seule nous permettra de concilier démocratie, mondialisation et écologie, d’aller vers une Slow Démocratie.

Interview de David Djaïz

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